Deep level photothermal spectroscopy: Physical principles and applications to semi-insulating GaAs band-gap multiple trap states
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A coupled transport-rate theory of free photoexcited carrier densities and band-gap trap states in direct-gap semiconductors with fast band-to-band recombination rates is presented. The rate equations are decoupled and solved analytically by means of an adiabatic principle which leads to time gating of photothermal emission and capture transport processes between trap states and bandedges occurring with time constants much longer than the recombination lifetime. This theory exploits the adiabatic character of photoexcitation of nonequilibrium excess free carriers which attains steady-state distribution at times very short compared to trap emission and capture effects induced by thermal transport to and from the bandedges of the semiconductor. The theory accounts for the absorption of a sub-band-gap probe laser beam by free carriers (both electrons and holes) photogenerated by a super-band-gap laser beam, as well as absorption by nonequilibrium trapped carriers in the band-gap states due to thermal emission and capture events. The theory forms the basis of a new two-laser-beam deep level photothermal spectroscopy (DLPTS). The latter was implemented and tested on semi-insulating (SI)-GaAs. DLPTS and photocarrier radiometric signals were used to validate the theory. The generated experimental temperature-scanned photothermal spectra and time-resolved transients were fitted with the multiple-trap theory and yielded superpositions of energy levels and capture cross sections. It was found that the one-trap theory commonly used in conventional deep level transient spectroscopy based techniques, such as photoinduced transient spectroscopy, does not give a good fit to the experimental DLPTS spectrum. The methodology encompassing the adiabatic theory and combined DLPTS time-scanned transients and temperature-scanned spectra amounts to an analytical quantitative photothermal spectroscopy capable of noncontact all-optical probing of band-gap defect/impurity state energy distributions and capture cross sections in direct-gap semiconductors, and SI-GaAs in particular.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".