Exploring Indonesia’s “low hospital bed utilization-low bed occupancy-high disease burden” paradox
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Indonesia’s current hospital bed to population ratio of 6.3/10 000 population compares unfavourably with a global average of 30/10 000. Despite low hospital bed-to-population ratios and a significant “double burden” of disease, bed occupancy rates range between 55% - 60% in both government and private hospitals in Indonesia, compared with over 80% hospital bed occupancy rates for the South-East Asian region. Annual inpatient admission in Indonesia is, at 140/1 0 000 population, the lowest in the South East Asian region. Despite currently low utilisation rates, Indonesia’s Human Resources for Health Development Plan 2011-2025 has among its objectives the raising of hospital bed numbers to 10/10 000 population by 2014. The authors examined the reasons for the paradox and analysed the following contributory factors; health system’s shortcomings; epidemiological transition; medical tourism; high out-of-pocket payments; patronage of traditional medical practitioners, and increasing use of outpatient care. Suggestions for addressing the paradox are proposed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".