Effect of Amiodarone on Phospholipid Content and Composition in Heart, Lung, Kidney and Skeletal Muscle: Relationship to Alteration of Thyroid Function
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To investigate the effect of chronic amiodarone treatment on tissue phospholipids, a marker of amiodarone-induced toxicity, and to test the hypothesis that tissue phospholipids changes are related to amiodarone-induced effects on thyroid function, male Wistar rats were treated with amiodarone and tissue phospholipid content and fractions were assessed. Twenty-six animals were allocated to 4 groups: (i) group 1 received amiodarone, 20 mg/kg per day, for 3 weeks (n = 6); (ii) group 2 received amiodarone for 5 weeks (n = 6); (iii) group 3 received drug for 6 weeks (n = 6), and (iv) group 4 (control group) received the diluent for 6 weeks (n = 8). Total phospholipid content of lung, kidney and skeletal muscle but not heart was increased after 3 weeks of amiodarone treatment. With longer durations of treatment, the phospholipid content was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in all four organs. The proportion of phospholipids in different classes was modified by amiodarone treatment with the most consistent changes across different tissues being reductions in phosphatidylethanolamine and increases in phosphatidylserine. Serum thyroxine concentration was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced at 5 weeks of treatment and thereafter. There was a significant correlation between serum thyroxine and total phospholipid concentration in heart (r = 0.555; p < 0.05) and lung (r = 0.502; p < 0.05). For heart, there was a significant correlation between serum thyroxine and the distribution of phospholipid classes, mainly for phosphatidylserine even after considering amiodarone dose. The same was found in the lung. In the kidney and skeletal muscle, there was a significant (p < 0.05) correlation between serum thyroxine and the proportion of phospholipids in phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. In conclusion, this study presents the novel finding of a biphasic tissue phospholipid response to amiodarone characterized by a short term increase in phospholipids in lung, kidney and skeletal muscle but not the heart followed by a long term decline in phospholipids in all four organs that is likely due to a direct action of amiodarone on phospholipid metabolism and potentially the result of amiodarone-induced reduction in thyroid function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".