Flexible Crumb Tire Rubber-Filled Cement Mortars as a Protective System for Buried Infrastructure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Due to population growth and urban congestion, the space available for the development of public infrastructure is sharply decreasing. Engineers are therefore resorting to the efficient use of underground space, which involves the construction of tunnels and other underground structures. Many such projects will be located in rock/soil with time-dependent behavior or under high overburden pressure. Thus, under such stress conditions, there may be a need for a deformable supporting system that can serve as a buffer layer to protect tunnel linings from time-dependent deformations of the excavated rock/soil. This paper investigates the use of cement mortars containing crumb recycled tire rubber to develop a flexible interface material for such applications. The effects of the w/c ratio, rubber content, and particle size on the mechanical properties of rubber filled mortars were studied using uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. A statistical factorial experimental plan was designed to obtain response surfaces for the parameters under study. A model tunnel was made, instrumented, and tested in a specially designed pressure cell under hydrostatic pressure to investigate the effect of using flexible rubber-filled mortar layers around tunnel linings on the development of stresses. The findings of this research suggest that cement mortars containing crumb tire rubber have superior ductility and may be used to accommodate deformations around tunnel linings, pipelines, and other buried infrastructure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".