THE DYNAMICS OF ORIMULSION IN WATER WITH VARYING ENERGY, SALINITY AND TEMPERATURE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Orimulsion is an oil-in-water emulsion of Venezuelan bitumen. Orimulsion was found to behave predictably in salt (33°/oo NaCl) and fresh water, driven by buoyancy to rise in salt water and sink in fresh water; but behaviour in brackish water (20°/oo NaCl) was difficult to predict. Temperature has also been indicated as having an influence on Orimulsion behaviour. The current study extended experimentation down to lower temperatures, and a variety of mixing energies. This study resulted in new information on the behaviour of Orimulsion spills in salt, fresh, and brackish water with salinity values of 20 and 33 degrees at temperatures of 5 and 15 degrees Celsius. Energy was varied by adjusting the applied rotational field and measurement with thermal probes. Depletion rates and characteristics were determined by adding Orimulsion to a 300-L tank of water, taking a time series of samples, and determining the concentration of bitumen and the particle size distribution. Changes in bitumen concentration and particle size distribution as a function of time were also measured. Using these data, simple equations were developed to describe and predict the concentration of bitumen in the water column as a function of time. Similarly nomograms showing the amount of oil on the bottom and on the water surface are presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".