2-D numerical modeling of CO2-water-caprock interactions at a potential CO2 storage site in Turkey
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Caprock integrity is an important subject, as it is closely related to the leakage of injected CO2 into geological formations. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate how injected CO2 affects caprocks during CO2 storage projects. This study assessed CO2 migration into a caprock from the injection reservoir and its interaction with the rock minerals of the caprock and brine. The caprock is the Sayindere Formation, which is a regionally extensive caprock in oil fields located in the southeastern part of Turkey including the Caylarbasi oil field, which has been previously identified and modeled as a potential CO2 storage site. The upper part of the Sayindere Formation consists of clay, and the lower part consists of clayey limestone. In this work, we performed 2-D radial modeling of CO2 injection at an annual rate of 1 million tons into the reservoir for 50 years and investigated its impact on the overlying caprock. The simulation was continued for further 1000 years without CO2 injection to evaluate the caprock evolution over longer time periods. Calcite dissolution was observed in the reservoir as well as the caprock. However, no significant increase in the porosity and permeability associated with calcite dissolution was observed in either formation. Minor diffusion of the injected CO2 into the lowermost layer of the caprock was observed over the simulation years. After 1000 years of post-injection, 70% of the injected CO2 was trapped in the reservoir under the caprock as a plume in a free phase, and the rest was dissolved in the reservoir brine. Sensitivity analyses were performed to determine how permeability anisotropy and reactant surface area of minerals affect the numerical results. Minor variations in the spatial distributions of CO2 saturation were observed when the permeability anisotropy was changed. No significant variation in the numerical results was observed with changes in the surface area of minerals. The simulation results suggest that the Sayindere formation is a very good caprock for potential CO2 storage. This work provides information for future decision-making and for development of CO2 storage demonstration projects in Turkey.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".