A pulsed Laval nozzle apparatus with laser ionization mass spectroscopy for direct measurements of rate coefficients at low temperatures with condensable gases
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A pulsed Laval nozzle, low Mach number supersonic expansion kinetics apparatus has been constructed to study neutral–neutral kinetics by a rather general laser photolysis initiation and laser photoionization detection of the product species. This new apparatus permits laboratory studies of low temperature rate coefficients (e.g., 70–170 K) on condensable gases that have insufficient vapor pressures at low temperatures for conventional methods of kinetic measurements. The design considerations, the uniformity of the reaction zone over 10–20 cm, and the skimmer sampling of the pulsed Laval expansion are examined. The direct measurement of a rate coefficient at 90 K is also demonstrated using this new apparatus.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it