Modification of acoustic-vocal mappings for fundamental frequency control in singers and nonsingers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Singing requires accurate control of the fundamental frequency (F0) of the voice. Previous work has demonstrated that F0 control involves an interplay between closed- and open-loop control. A frequency-altered auditory feedback (FAF) paradigm was used to examine the acoustic-motor representation of the mapping between F0 feedback and the vocal production system in singers and nonsingers. Participants sang a note while hearing their F0 shifted down one semitone. Both singers and nonsingers compensated for the F0 perturbations by increasing their F0. However, the magnitude of compensations was initially smaller in singers than nonsingers. Moreover, after participants heard their feedback returned to normal, the aftereffects observed for singers were larger than those observed for nonsingers. This pattern of aftereffects generalized to the production of another note different than the one participants produced while hearing FAF. Combined, these observations suggest that singers rely more on an internal model for F0 production during singing than nonsingers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".