Early Gut Mucosal Dysfunction in Patients With Acute Pancreatitis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: A clinical study was made to test the hypothesis that gut mucosal damage happens and correlates with endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, severity of disease, septic complication, and outcome in acute pancreatitis (AP) patients. METHODS: Patients were divided into 3 groups according to severity: grade 1 (n = 26, mild), grade 2 (n = 18, severe AP [SAP] without organ dysfunction), and grade 3 (n = 18, SAP with organ dysfunction). Twenty healthy volunteers were enrolled as control group. The intestinal lactulose and mannitol absorption ratio, d-xylose absorption, endotoxin, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were detected in parallel to clinical data collection. RESULTS: Lactulose and mannitol absorption ratio increased in patients with AP, and the increase was more pronounced in SAP (grade 1: 0.044 +/- 0.017, grade 2: 0.39 +/- 0.16, grade 3: 0.48 +/- 0.22, control: 0.024 +/- 0.009; P < 0.01 between control and AP, P < 0.01 between mild and severe group). d-Xylose absorption decreased in pancreatitis groups (P < 0.01) especially in severe groups (P < 0.01 between mild and SAP). We also observed a significant positive correlation of mucosal permeability with endotoxin (r = 0.902, P < 0.001) and tumor necrosis factor alpha changes (r = 0.862, P < 0.001). The severity and septic complication in AP patients were different accompanied with severity of gut mucosal damage. CONCLUSIONS: Intestinal mucosal function is injured in early phase of AP especially in patients with organ dysfunction, which may be a stimulus for development of multiple organ dysfunction and correlate with bad outcome in AP patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".