The effect of the Grand Ditch on the abundance of benthic invertebrates in the Colorado River, Rocky Mountain National Park
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We investigate herein the hypothesis that there is a significant relationship between bed particle mobility and benthic invertebrate abundance in the gravel‐bed channel of the upper Colorado River in Rocky Mountain National Park. A large diversion channel called the Grand Ditch normally diverts a significant portion (∼50%) of the annual snowmelt runoff from the watershed northward out of the basin. In May 2003, a ∼30‐m section of the ditch was breached, contributing substantially to the magnitude and duration of discharge in the Colorado River until the ditch breach was repaired in July of that year. As a result, all grain sizes in the river channel were mobilized, which contrasted sharply with the minimal gravel transport experienced during the exceptional drought of the previous year. Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected in the field using a Surber sampler at the same six locations for both years, and the number of individuals of the orders ephemeroptera (mayflies), plecoptera (stoneflies), trichoptera (caddisflies) and diptera (e.g. chironomids) was counted in the laboratory. The total number of individuals was 240% higher in 2003, and the proportion of mayflies in the samples increased from 25% in 2002 to 40% in 2003. In 2003, samples were also taken immediately upstream and downstream of a large flow obstruction in the channel in order to further isolate the relative importance of sediment transport against other variables affecting the stream habitat. Numbers of individuals for all taxa collected (particularly ephemeroptera and plecoptera) were nearly an order of magnitude higher at the upstream site than at the downstream, protected location. These results have important implications for the ecosystem management of streams within Rocky Mountain National Park and elsewhere. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".