Forecasting Tourism Demand Using Time Series, Artificial Neural Networks and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines:Evidence from Taiwan
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the past few decades, international tourism has grown rapidly and has become a very interesting topic in tourism research. Taiwan, acting as a citizen in the global community, improved traveling facilities, and governments’ strong promotion has drawn more and more visitors to visit Taiwan. This study tries to build the forecasting model of visitors to Taiwan using three commonly adopted ARIMA, artificial neural networks (ANNs), and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS). In order to evaluate the appropriateness of the proposed modeling approaches, the dataset of monthly visitors to Taiwan was used as the illustrative example. Analytic results demonstrated that ARIMA outperformed ANNs and MARS approaches in terms of RMSE, MAD, and MAPE and provided effective alternatives for forecasting tourism demand.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it