Study of PVDF Tubular Ultrafiltration Membrane for Separating Oil/water Emulsion and Effect of Cleaning Method on Membrane
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oil/water emulsion is treated with polyvinylidenefluoride(PVDF) tubular ultrafiltration membrane. The flux of PVDF tubular ultrafiltration membrane is tested by varying the operation pressure(from 0.06Mpa to 0.25Mpa), membrane surface velocity of flow(from 1.47m/s to 3.69m/s) and system running time (from 1h to 20h). The average membrane flux is up to 108.2 L/(m2.h) in proper experiment conditions. Then some cleaning methods are studied and the chemical cleaning has the best effect, the flux restoration rate is more than 92%. Oil concentration in permeate water was less than 10 mg/L. The rejection rate of oil was more than 90%, The cleaning periods were 24h. Using PVDF tubular ultrafiltration membrane to treat oil/water emulsion is a feasible and economical method.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".