Particle Tracking in Laminar Flow of Molten Aluminum in Straight, Constant Cross-Section Ducts Subjected to Steady, Uniform Electric and Magnetic Fields
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The formulation, testing, and application of some mathematical models and numerical solution methods for tracking electrically non-conducting particles in laminar flow of molten aluminum in straight, constant cross-section ducts subjected to steady, uniform electric and magnetic fields are presented. The separation chamber is a straight duct of constant rectangular cross-section and electrically non-conducting walls. The effects of the induced electric field in the molten aluminum are considered negligible. Attention is focused on the fully-developed flow regime. In the calculation of the inclusion trajectories, consideration is given to drag, gravity, virtual mass, Basset, lift, and electromagnetic forces. A control-volume finite element method is used for the calculation of the fluid flow. A fourth-order Runge-Kutta method and a particle-location and interpolation algorithm are used to calculate the particle velocities and trajectories. Results obtained for a test problem and a demonstration problem are presented and discussed in this paper.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".