Compact CMOS VCO using a transistor for frequency control
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A compact CMOS voltage-controlled relaxation oscillator circuit is presented in this paper. The frequency control is fulfilled by using a single MOSFET to control the charging and discharging currents of a timing capacitor. This paper investigates and demonstrates the proposed control mechanism. The proposed VCO was fabricated using 0.18 μm CMOS technology and the fabricated VCO has a compact core size of only 80μm × 200μm, or 0.016mm2. A linear tuning range from 650 MHz to 840 MHz, or a 28% range was achieved by the single MOSFET's control from a 1.8V DC supply voltage. The output power was −14.5 dBm with only ±1 dB variation in this tuning range. The corresponding power consumption was measured to be 5.4mW. Moreover, the VCO free-running frequency can be increased beyond 1.1 GHz by using higher DC supply.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".