Compositional Characterization of Bitumen/Water Emulsion Films by Negative- and Positive-Ion Electrospray Ionization and Field Desorption/Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
By means of electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT−ICR MS) and automated field desorption/ionization (FD) FT−ICR MS, we identify nonvolatile nonpolar, polar acidic, and basic water-in-bitumen emulsion film stabilizers. Highly condensed aromatic basic, nonpolar, and acidic asphaltene multilayered films stabilize emulsions near or at critical bitumen concentration for asphaltene flocculation. Solvent diluent added beyond the critical dilution concentration precipitates highly condensed acidic, all basic, and most neutral species from the oil/water interface. The most abundant classes in high bitumen concentration emulsion films include neutral pure hydrocarbons and S, acidic O 2 and O 2 S, and basic N and NS heteroatom classes. Highly abundant low bitumen concentration emulsion film stabilizers include acidic O 2, O 4, and O 3 S classes.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it