Expression of voltage‐gated Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel subtypes in cultured astrocytes
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transient intracellular [Ca(2+)] increases in astrocytes from influx and/or release from internal stores can release glutamate and thereby modulate synaptic transmission in adjacent neurons. Electrophysiological studies have shown that cultured astrocytes express voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels but their molecular identities have remained unexplored. We therefore performed RT-PCR analysis with primers directed to different voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel alpha(1) subunits. In primary cultures of astrocytes, we detected mRNA transcripts for the alpha(1B) (N-type), alpha(1C) (L-type), alpha(1D) (L-type), alpha(1E) (R-type), and alpha(1G) (T-type), but not alpha(1A) (P/Q-type), voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. We then used antibodies against all of the Ca(2+) channel subunits to confirm protein expression, via Western blots, and localization by means of immunocytochemistry. In Western blot analysis, we observed immunoreactive bands corresponding to the appropriate alpha(1) subunit proteins. Western blots showed an expression pattern similar to PCR results in that we detected proteins for the alpha(1B) (N-type), alpha(1C) (L-type), alpha(1D) (L-type), alpha(1E) (R-type), and alpha(1G) (T-type), but not alpha(1A) (P/Q-type). Using immunocytochemistry, we observed Ca(2+) channel expression for these subunits in punctate clusters on plasma membrane of GFAP-expressing astrocytes. These results confirm that cultured astrocytes express corresponding proteins to several high- and low-threshold Ca(2+) channels but not alpha(1A) (P/Q-type). Overall, our data indicate that astrocytes express multiple types of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels, hinting at a complex regulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis in glial cells.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it