Critical loads of acidity for surface waters in south-central Ontario, Canada: regional application of the Steady-State Water Chemistry (SSWC) model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Critical loads of acidity and the amount by which these critical loads are exceeded by atmospheric deposition (termed "exceedances") were estimated for 1469 lakes from five regions in south-central Ontario, Canada, using single lake chemistry measurements and sulphur deposition data for the period 19761999. Based on the Steady-State Water Chemistry (SSWC) model, four of the five regions had low critical loads, which is consistent with the underlying geology (silicate bedrock) and the thin glacial soils in these regions. Sulphur deposition in the study area showed a clear downward trend over the time period, with a decrease of approximately 50% to current levels of approximately 44 meq·m2·year1. As a result of the declining deposition, the portion of lakes with critical load exceedances has dropped substantially, from 7482% in the four sensitive regions in 1976 to 1126% in 1999. The pentile critical load is typically used as a regional target to account for uncertainties, but also to ensure that a sufficient percentage of lakes are protected (95%). This suggests that further reductions in emissions are required to reduce depositions to approximately 34 meq·m2·year1 (11 kg S·ha1·year1) to prevent critical load exceedance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".