PHYSICAL CONDITIONS OF GOLD DEPOSITION AT THE McPHEES DEPOSIT, PILBARA CRATON, WESTERN AUSTRALIA: FLUID INCLUSION AND STABLE ISOTOPE CONSTRAINTS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fluid inclusions in mineralized quartz veins from the ca. 2890 Ma McPhees gold deposit, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, were examined to determine the composition of the mineralizing fluid and to constrain the physical conditions of gold deposition. The composition of inclusions was determined by standard microthermometric and laser Raman analyses of selected assemblages of fluid inclusions. The veins contain: (1) abundant, Type-Ia monophase, CO₂-rich inclusions and coeval Type-Ib two-phase, mixed H₂O + CO₂ inclusions; (2) secondary, two-phase, Types II and III, respectively, low- and high-salinity aqueous inclusions, and (3) secondary Type-IV monophase, mixed CO₂–CH₄–N₂ inclusions. Type-Ib inclusions have highly variable bulk-compositions (10–100 vol.% CO₂–CH₄) and variable salinity (3–12 eq. wt.% NaCl). Types II and III inclusions have similar morphologies and modes of occurrence, but have distinctly different salinities (0.3–12.6 eq. wt.% and >21.0 eq. wt.%, respectively). Heating experiments indicate minimum temperatures of trapping of 350 641°C for Type-I inclusions, 207 660°C for Type-II inclusions, and 143 <637°C for Type-III inclusions. Oxygen isotope compositions of quartz–actinolite and albite–actinolite pairs indicate a temperature of gold-associated alteration of ~350°C, consistent with arsenopyrite thermometry, which indicates gold mineralization at <480°C. The early CO₂-rich fluid inclusions have densities that range from 0.6 to 1.05 g/cm3 which, at 350°C, correspond to 1–2 kbar pressure, consistent with geological relations indicating that the McPhees deposit formed at <7 km. Type-I inclusions are interpreted to contain early vein-related fluids that carried gold, but this assemblage (nearly pure CO₂ and subordinate, coexisting H₂O-rich fluid inclusions) is unusual for orogenic gold deposits. It is most likely a result of fluid mixing that may have played a role in gold deposition in veins; however, host-rock lithology seems to have been a first-order control in localizing the gold.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".