Effect of exercise training combined with isoflavone supplementation on bone and lipids in postmenopausal women: A randomized clinical trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We determined the effects of 2 years of exercise training and soy isoflavone supplementation on bone mass and lipids in postmenopausal women provided with calcium and vitamin D. Women were randomized to four groups: exercise training (Ex); isoflavone supplementation (Iso: 165 mg/d [105 mg/d aglycone equivalent]); combined Ex and Iso (ExIso); and placebo (control). Exercise included resistance training (2 days/week) and walking (4 days/week). Our primary outcomes were lumbar spine and hip bone mineral density (BMD). Secondary outcomes included hip geometry, tibia and radius speed of sound (SOS), dynamic balance (6 m backward tandem walking), blood lipids, mammography, and endometrial thickness. A total of 351 women (Ex = 86, Iso = 90, ExIso = 87, control = 88) were randomized, with 298 analyzed at 2 years (Ex = 77, Iso = 76, ExIso = 72, control = 73). There was a significant interaction for total hip BMD (p < 0.001) such that ExIso had a greater rate of decrease (absolute change [95% confidence interval] = -0.018 [-0.024, -0.012] g/cm(2) ) than either the Ex or Iso groups alone (-0.005 [-0.01, 0.001] and -0.005 [-0.011, 0.001] g/cm(2) , respectively). There were no differences between groups for changes in lumbar spine BMD and minimal significant changes in hip geometric properties and bone SOS. Exercise groups improved dynamic balance as measured by a decrease in backward tandem walking time over 6 m (p = 0.017). Isoflavone groups decreased low density lipoproteins (Iso: -0.20 [-0.37, -0.02] mmol/L; ExIso: -0.23 [-0.40, -0.06] mmol/L; p = 0.003) compared to non-isoflavone groups (Ex: 0.01 [-0.16, 0.18] mmol/L; control: -0.09 [-0.27, 0.08] mmol/L) and had lower adverse reports of menopausal symptoms (14% versus 33%; p = 0.01) compared to non-isoflavone groups. Isoflavone supplementation did not increase endometrial thickness or abnormal mammograms. We conclude exercise training and isoflavone supplementation maintain hip BMD compared to control, but these two interventions interfere with each other when combined. Isoflavone supplementation decreased LDL and adverse events related to menopausal symptoms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".