SIMULATING DROPLET IMPACT ON A SUBSTRATE OF ARBITRARY SHAPE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have developed a three-dimensional model of free surface flows that can accommodate the presence of arbitrary-shaped obstacles in the flow. The model is an extension of one developed earlier by Bussmann, Mostaghimi, and Chandra [1]. To validate the model we simulated the impact of a 2-mm-diameter water droplet landing with low velocity (~1 m/s) on tubes ranging in diameter from 0.5 to 6.35 mm. Computer-generated images of droplet deformation after impact agreed well with photographs. Droplets landing on the largest tube (6.35-mm diameter) clung to the solid surface following impact. On smaller tubes there was not enough surface area for the liquid to remain attached, and droplets fell off after impact, disintegrating into several smaller droplets as they fell. The number of droplets produced after breakup was sensitive to the location of the impact point on the tube surface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".