<i>Glomus achrum</i>and<i>G. bistratum,</i>two new species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (<i>Glomeromycota</i>) found in maritime sand dunes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species, Glomus achrum sp. nov. and Glomus bistratum sp. nov. (Glomeromycota), are described and illustrated. Both species produce small, hyaline spores in aggregates formed in the soil and inside roots. Glomus achrum was associated with roots of Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link colonizing maritime dunes of the Vistula Bar in northern Poland, and G. bistratum occurred among vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza of Xanthium cf. spinosum growing in dunes of the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to Veriko, Greece. Spores of G. achrum are globose to subglobose, (25–)43(–55) µm in diameter, rarely egg-shaped, oblong to irregular, 15–45 µm × 55–65 µm. Their wall consists of three hyaline layers: a mucilaginous, short-lived outermost layer; a laminate middle layer composed of loose sublayers; and a flexible innermost layer. The outermost and the innermost layers stain deeply red in Melzer’s reagent. Spores of G. bistratum are globose to subglobose, (20–)29(–50) µm in diameter, and have a wall composed of two permanent, hyaline layers. The outer layer is unit, smooth, and the inner one laminate. Only the inner layer stains yellow in Melzer’s reagent. Both species formed vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in single-species cultures with Plantago lanceolata L. as the host plant. Phylogenetic analyses of partial 18S rDNA subunit and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences placed G. achrum and G. bistratum into Glomus group A, but did not reveal any closely related described species. Environmental sequences from the public databases suggested that G. achrum occurred in at least two other plant species from geographically distant regions. No such evidence could be obtained for G. bistratum, which is currently known only from the type location.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".