Switchable polarity solvent (SPS) systems: probing solvatoswitching with a spiropyran (SP)–merocyanine (MC) photoswitch
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The switchable polarity solvent (SPS) of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) and an alcohol (e.g. 1-propanol) reversibly switches to a higher polarity ionic liquid, [DBUH(+)][RCO3(-)], when treated with CO2. A long-lived species with unique properties was detected in an investigation into the use of SPS to control the lifetime of the merocyanine (MC) form in a spiropyran (SP)-MC molecular photoswitch. Irradiation of SP in 1-propanol (PrOH) in the presence of DBU generates a new species (λmax = 420 nm). This species converts to MC upon bubbling with CO2, which produces [DBUH(+)][PrOCOO(-)]. It is proposed that a mixture of 1,2 and 1,4 alkoxide addition products form as a result of nucleophilic attack on the conjugated diene system of MC, where alkoxide formation arises from equilibration of highly basic DBU and the alcohol. These adducts revert to MC upon application of CO2 or addition of acid. Determination of the overall equilibrium constant for alkoxide adduct formation involving DBU was afforded through Benesi-Hildebrand analysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".