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Record W1993098437 · doi:10.4043/19054-ms

A New Era in CNG Transportation

2007· article· en· W1993098437 on OpenAlex
Len Thompson

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueOffshore Technology Conference · 2007
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicOffshore Engineering and Technologies
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsCompressed natural gasNatural gasLiquefied natural gasPipeline transportFossil fuelFuel gasLiquid gasPipeline (software)Petroleum engineeringBusinessEngineeringEnvironmental scienceWaste managementEnvironmental engineeringChemistryMechanical engineering

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Introduction Floating Pipeline Company Incorporated (FPC Inc), a Canadian Corporation based in Halifax, Nova Scotia, is the licensed manufacturer for TransCanada Pipelines' Gas Transportation Modules (GTMs) used for the volume transport of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). Compressed Natural Gas can be used economically in the niche market for stranded gas. "Stranded gas" is any gas that cannot today be economically brought to market using conventional pipeline or liquefied natural gas (LNG) technology. It is pplicable to areas where companies are not willing to invest heavily in infrastructure, or in areas where physical limitations inhibit bringing the gas ashore. Approximately 50% of the world's discoveries and expected discoveries fall into the "stranded gas" category. Transporting CNG in GTMs to niche markets can offer substantial price advantages over conventional energy sources such as electricity, propane, and diesel fuels, which are the only alternatives today. Studies carried out for the offshore fields alone indicate conservatively that the potential market for this technology could be as large as 50+ projects over the next 20 years, with clients including all the major oil and gas companies, and companies in the transportation and delivery of gas. Moving natural gas from the well to market is normally achieved by pipeline (as gas) or ships (as LNG). Several other methods are being investigated to improve the economics of transport, namely CNG, gas to liquids (GTL), and variations of these. CNG transportation has been shown to be economical in a number of specific niche situations. Moving ‘stranded gas’ as CNG can be shown to be economically attractive, for distances of less than 1,500 miles, where it is either politically restricted, physically impossible, or where the volumes are too small to justify laying a pipeline or building an LNG facility, This niche market is not limited to sea transport. It also presents significant opportunities on land through road trailers. TransCanada CNG Technology Limited (TCCNGTL) has the worldwide licence to a patented technology that enables sufficient quantities of gas to be transported under pressure economically for projects that fit the above niche markets. This technology " composite spiral wrapped, thin walled steel pressure vessels " was approved by ASME in October 2002, which now enables its use in the applications identified. Approval in Principle for the use of GTMs in ships was granted by Lloyds Registry of Shipping in September 2003. FPC Inc. along with its UK engineering partner, WaveSpec (a wholly owned subsidiary of BraemarSeascope, London) provided the engineering services for the submission to Lloyds on behalf of TCPL. More recently, FPC/TCPL/OSG and Rolls Royce have been working with Lloyds Register for the full approval of the ship for a project in East Africa. This is expected to be complete within the 2nd Quarter 2007. FPC recognizes the potential of this technology and:Is marketing and developing contracts for the transport of CNG worldwide utilizing this technology;Has established a manufacturing facility in New Brunswick, Canada to fabricate, under license, the GTMs;Plans to sell GTMs to third party project developers;

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Other design · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.786
Threshold uncertainty score0.859

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.008
GPT teacher head0.207
Teacher spread0.200 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it