Perampanel: What is its Place in the Management of Partial Onset Epilepsy?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Current pathways for treatment of partial onset epilepsy are diverse and include 14 new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) licensed for use as either monotherapy or adjunctive therapy. However, the impact of these new AEDs on the treatment of partial epilepsy has so far been disappointing and there persists a need for additional drugs. Recently, perampanel, a first-in-class AED was licensed as an adjunct for the management of refractory partial onset seizures with or without secondary generalization in patients 12 years and older. This review highlights the current management of partial epilepsy and analyses the published clinical and preclinical data of perampanel to consider its potential role in the treatment of partial epilepsy. METHODS: A literature review of Embase, Medline and PubMed was conducted in April 2013 using the search terms 'perampanel' and 'AMPA receptor antagonist/blocker'. Publications were included if they discussed perampanel in the context of preclinical or clinical epilepsy. RESULTS: Perampanel acts on the glutamate pathway. It is a novel highly selective non-competitive alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist. This is a previously untargeted post-synaptic glutamate receptor. It is responsible for mediating rapid trans-synaptic signal transduction and hence believed to play a major role in seizure propagation. The three pivotal placebo-controlled trials of adjunctive perampanel demonstrated that the effective dosing range is 4-12 mg/day. The drug can be prescribed once daily, and its adverse effect profile is minimal with dizziness, fatigue, headache, and somnolence being the most commonly reported. CONCLUSIONS: Perampanel is a welcome addition as it represents an alternative approach in the management of epilepsy with potential to have a significant impact on the prognosis of intractable epilepsy. However, it has only recently been licensed for clinical use in Europe, the USA, and Canada, and there are no data directly comparing it with other AEDs; hence, it remains far too early to ascertain its place in the treatment of patients with partial epilepsy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".