Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence in Female Residents of American Nursing Homes and Association with Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Urinary incontinence (UI) is most common in older women. METHODS: We studied the prevalence of UI among female residents of nursing homes and the influence of associated neuropsychiatric problems on the rates of UI using the results of the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey (NNHS). RESULTS: Analysis shows that 37% of female nursing home residents are incontinent, especially those with dementia. Residents with depression or schizophrenia are also more likely to have UI whereas those with anxiety, paranoia, or obsessive-compulsive disorder have less UI rates. There are significant associations with neuropsychiatric disorders except for bipolar disease. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend prioritizing behavioral interventions and environmental manipulations for female residents with dementia, depression, and schizophrenia to increase the cost-effectiveness of UI management programs in nursing homes. KEYWORDS: Urinary incontinence; Female residents; Nursing home; Neurodegenerative; Psychiatric.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".