Numerical study of anomalous refraction in photonic crystals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a theoretical study of light propagation through photonic crystal (PhC) structures using an effective medium approximation based on equifrequency surface calculations. The procedure is illustrated by calculating bending, splitting and focusing phenomena in a slab of two-dimensional PhC using a Fourier imaging technique. In the passband above the first stop band, wave propagation was found to depend dramatically on both light frequency and incident direction. This propagation anisotropy leads to very large negative refraction along the [11] crystal direction. Light emitted from a line source outside the PhC slab can be focused, divided into subbeams inside the PhC, bent negatively, and refocused again on the other side the slab. The results agree well with the field calculated using a finite-difference time-domain method and can be straightforwardly applied to more complicated PhC structures, such as three-dimensional PhC structures. The imaging properties of a PhC slab are also discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".