The effects of cryopreservation on red blood cell microvesiculation, phosphatidylserine externalization, and CD47 expression
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Since the 1950s, cryopreservation has been used in transfusion medicine for long-term storage of phenotypically rare red blood cells (RBCs). Recent reports have identified phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, loss of CD47 expression, and membrane microvesiculation as important indicators of RBC storage lesion and in vivo survival. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of RBC cryopreservation and prefreeze storage length on these novel markers of membrane injury and to correlate them to traditional RBC quality indicators. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Leukoreduced RBC units were collected in citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD)-saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol (SAGM), hypothermically stored (1-6 degrees C) for 2 to 3 days or 13 to 14 days after collection, and then cryopreserved in 40 percent (wt/vol) glycerol. In vitro RBC quality was assessed before freeze, after thaw, and 24 hours after thaw by evaluating RBC recovery, hemolysis, sterility, residual glycerol, adenosine triphosphate, extracellular potassium, RBC indices, and morphology. RBC membrane microvesiculation, PS externalization, and CD47 expression changes were evaluated using flow cytometry. RESULTS: Leukoreduced CPD-SAGM RBCs showed acceptable in vitro quality after deglycerolization, according to conventional assays. Cryopreservation alone did not induce significant changes in PS exposure, CD47 expression, and membrane microvesiculation. Prolonged prefreeze storage, however, resulted in a significant increase in RBC PS exposure and microvesiculation after 24 hours of postthaw hypothermic storage (1-6 degrees C). No significant changes in CD47 expression were detected. CONCLUSION: High-glycerol cryopreservation does not induce microvesiculation, PS exposure, and loss of CD47 expression in RBC membranes. Since prolonged prefreeze storage can result in RBC membrane injury during the postdeglycerolization storage period, more defined criteria for this variable should be adopted.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".