Speciation of two salinity-associated size forms of<i>Oithona dissimilis</i>(Copepoda: Cyclopoida) in estuaries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The cyclopoid copepod Oithona dissimilis in Okinawa, Japan, has two size forms; the smaller occurs in upper estuaries and the larger in lower estuaries and coastal lagoons. Morphological difference between the forms is seen in the length/width ratio of the female caudal ramus. Genetically they differ by 1.84–2.21% from nuclear LSU rRNA (the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene) and 20.85–21.34% from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (mtCOI), which, in contrast, vary within a form by 0.00–0.18% and 0.00–1.34%, respectively. This genealogical concordance indicates that they are reproductively isolated species. Their habitats suggest speciation associated with different salinity regimes. The subspecies O. dissimilis dissimilis and O. dissimilis oceanica from India are also probably independent species because they are comparable to the two forms from Okinawa. However our specimens were notably different from previous descriptions of the species with respect to some micromorphology, suggesting that O. dissimilis is a species complex containing more than two cryptic species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".