An Environmentally Friendly Stimulation Fluid for High Temperature Applications
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Matrix acidizing is used in carbonate formations to create flow channels from the formation to the well bore, whereas in sandstone formations the goal is to dissolve materials that impair the well production. However, the use of acids in deep wells has some major drawbacks including high reaction rate and corrosion to well tubulars. We have discovered a new stimulation chemical that can be used as a replacement for or in combination with acid treatments in deep wells. A polyacid whose structure allows for acidification is described. The polyacidic chelate L-glutamic acid, N,N-diacetic acid or GLDA is manufactured from L-glutamic acid (MSG). The chelate-based fluid very effectively dissolves CaCO3 and it is less corrosive to the equipment and easy to handle. This paper discusses the reaction of the new GLDA chelate with calcite and will compare its performance with other available chelates, including EDTA, HEDTA, NTA and EDG. GLDA dissolves calcite over a wide pH interval, although it is less effective than HEDTA at > pH 5. A unique property of GLDA is its high solubility - solutions exceeding 40 wt% can be achieved at a ~ pH 2 where HEDTA solubility is limited to ~ 10 wt%. A mole of GLDA acid with a natural ~ pH 1.6 is capable of dissolving up to two moles of CaCO3. Throughout the pH range GLDA appears to be as thermally stable as HEDTA. As an additive to HCl, GLDA is as effective as HEDTA in preventing precipitation of moderate levels of Fe in spent acids. At high Fe concentration GLDA is slightly less effective than HEDTA on a molar basis – but to deal with high Fe GLDA may be better as significantly higher concentrations of it are possible in various acids. In 28 wt% HCl, HEDTA has limited solubility while GLDA's solubility exceeds 40 wt%. From an environmental standpoint GLDA, is readily biodegradable and is made from a renewable raw material – monosodium glutamate. GLDA has low toxicity and aquatic toxicity characteristics. As a replacement for HCl acid, GLDA is significantly safer and is less corrosive.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it