Energetic particle observations from the Ulysses COSPIN instruments obtained during the October–November 2003 events
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report comprehensive observations of solar energetic particle intensities at energies from 0.3 to >100 MeV made by the suite of six Ulysses COSPIN energetic charged particle instruments on the Ulysses spacecraft during the period of intense solar activity in October/November 2003. We also discuss observations of particle anisotropies in selected energy ranges made by these instruments. Located near the orbit of Jupiter and only about 6° north of the heliographic equatorial plane, Ulysses provided important measurements for comparison with 1 AU observations and for assessing the nature of particle propagation in this period of isolated but intense solar activity in the declining phase of the solar activity cycle. The most significant conclusion is that the particle populations in the inner heliosphere were highly nonuniform throughout the events, strongly guided and confined by magnetic structures such as stream interfaces in the solar wind. This provides strong contrast to the nearly uniform intensities that were quickly established after large events near the peak of the solar cycle. Points of particular interest are (1) possible observation at 5.2 AU during onset of differential filling of flux tubes and confinement of high‐energy (>∼20 MeV) particles to flux tubes in the course of propagation from the source; (2) apparent exclusion of energetic particles from the interior of a large coronal mass ejection (CME); (3) possible triggered release of electrons from Jupiter by interaction with the same CME, and propagation of the electrons within the closed fields of the CME.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".