Laser ablation reveals regulation of ciliary activity by serotonergic neurons in molluscan embryos
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Early in embryonic development, the pond snail Helisoma trivolvis exhibits a rotational behavior that is generated by beating of cilia in the dorsolateral and pedal bands. Although previous anatomical and pharmacological studies provided indirect evidence that a pair of serotonergic neurons, Embryonic Neurons C1 (ENC1s), is involved in regulating embryonic rotation, direct evidence linking ENC1 to ciliary function is still lacking. In the present study, we used laser microbeams to perturb ENC1 in vivo while monitoring ciliary activity in identified ciliary bands. A laser treatment protocol to specifically ablate ENC1 without damaging the surrounding cells was established. Unilateral laser treatment of ENC1 caused transient increases in the activity of the pedal and ipsidorsolateral cilia, lasting 30-50 min. In contrast, activity of cilia that were not anatomically associated with ENC1 was unaffected by laser treatment. Mianserin, an effective serotonin antagonist in Helisoma ciliated cells, decreased the overall CBF of pedal and dorsolateral cilia by reducing the occurrence of spontaneous CBF surges in these cilia. Finally, the cilioexcitatory action of ENC1 laser treatment was mimicked by serotonin and reduced in the presence of mianserin. These results suggest that laser treatment provokes a release of serotonin from ENC1, resulting in a prolonged elevation of activity in the target ciliary cells. We conclude that, in addition to their previously established role in regulating neurodevelopment, ENC1s also function as serotonergic motor neurons to regulate ciliary activity, and therefore the rotational behavior of early embryos.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it