Molecular Cloning and Induction of Bovine Prostaglandin E Synthase by Gonadotropins in Ovarian Follicles Prior to Ovulationin Vivo
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is thought to be an ultimate prostaglandin effector during the ovulatory process, and the objectives of this study were to clone bovine PGE synthase (PGES) and to characterize its regulation by gonadotropins in preovulatory follicles in vivo. The bovine PGES complementary DNA (cDNA) was shown to contain a 5'-untranslated region of eight base pairs (bp), an open reading frame of 462 bp and a 3'-untranslated region of 406 bp. The putative bovine PGES open reading frame encodes a 153-amino acid protein that is 85, 78, and 78% identical to the human, rat, and mouse PGES homologs, respectively. The regulation of PGES during ovulation was studied using three different models in vivo: 1) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-induced ovulation during a normal estrous cycle; 2) hCG-induced ovulation following ovarian hyperstimulation; and 3) spontaneous ovulation during natural estrus. Results from semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction/Southern blotting analyses showed that the hCG/luteinizing hormone surge caused a significant increase in PGES mRNA. Levels of PGES transcripts were low or undetectable prior to hCG/luteinizing hormone but increased markedly 18-24 h after hCG in models 1 and 2, and 18-24 h after the onset of natural estrus in model 3 (p < 0.05). Analyses on isolated preparations of granulosa and theca interna cells indicated that the granulosa cell layer was the predominant site of follicular PGES expression. The regulation of the protein was studied in the same models using a specific antibody raised against a fragment of bovine protein (Delta PGES; from Glu(49) to Val(146)). Results from immunoblots showed an induction of bovine PGES (M(r) = 17,000) 18-24 h after hCG treatment or onset of estrus (p < 0.05). The protein was detected in extracts of granulosa cells but not in theca interna. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the ovulatory process is associated with a gonadotropin-dependent induction of PGES in granulosa cells of ovarian follicles in vivo, thus establishing for the first time the regulation of the enzyme in a physiological context.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".