Experimental temperature measurements by echo-contrast agents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article considers results of experimental studies of the spectra of ultrasound echo-signals scattered by echo-contrast agents (ECA) at changing temperature. Two types of ECA have been used: Levovist being the suspension of free air bubbles and Definity whose gas bubbles are in an albumin shell. As the temperature increases the maxima of the frequency spectra of backscattering signals shift to low frequencies and the value of this shift serves to determine the true temperature. Experimental data on Levovist are well accorded with the calculations for the temperature range from 34 to 44°C and the frequency shifts were about 17 kHz/°C in the range of frequencies of 3.5—5 MHz. The Definity measured frequency shift versus temperature was 5 kHz/°C. The measured values of frequency shifts serve to the realization of the accuracy of temperature measurements of (0.1–0.2)°C. The obtained results prove the prospectiveness of special temperature ECA in the shells for the temperature mapping of internal organs by means of standard platforms of ultrasound diagnostics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".