Dopaminergic changes in human brain following acute exposure to γ-hydroxybutyrate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
γ-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is an endogenous CNS depressant employed in clinical trials for the treatment of narcolepsy and alcohol withdrawal.1 GHB has also become an increasingly popular recreational drug of abuse, presumably because of its sedative/disinhibitory and possible euphoric properties.1,2⇓ GHB inhibits firing of midbrain dopamine neurons, possibly via an action on a unique GHB receptor or on GABAB receptors.1,3⇓ Impaired dopaminergic activity is reflected in experimental biochemical studies by a striking accumulation of striatal dopamine and reduced dopamine metabolite level.1,4⇓ The increased (primarily intraneuronal) dopamine is considered to be consequent to reduced neurotransmitter release and to a short-term acceleration in presynaptic dopamine synthesis compensatory to decreased synaptic levels of the neurotransmitter.1 The ability of GHB to impair acutely dopaminergic neurotransmission has been hypothesized to explain part of the short-lasting sedative action of the drug.1,4⇓ This is supported by animal findings showing that the dopaminergic stimulant amphetamine can reverse part of the immobility caused by GHB.5,6⇓ Conversely, some …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".