Transdermal contraceptive patches: current status and future potential
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transdermal contraceptive patches were first introduced in the USA in the spring of 2002. Approval in Canada and the EU followed soon thereafter. In the USA, sales of the patch were so robust that during the first months the manufacturer could not keep up with demand; by fall of 2002, the patch was the second highest selling combined hormonal contraceptive in the USA. This initial success reflected the strong demand that US women had for a more convenient delivery system that required less frequent dosing. Adolescent women in particular seemed to be more able to successfully use patches than they did pills. However, following a typical US pattern of boom-and-bust cycling and the initiation of litigation that claimed that there was a greater risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) with the patch, sales in the USA dropped significantly. This article describes the hormonal properties of the contraceptive patches that are currently available, the clinical experience with the patch, and the results of postmarketing surveillance for VTE. We also discuss the potential for future contraceptive products using this route of administration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".