Breeding system in the cleistogamous species <i>Centaurea melitensis</i> (Asteraceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cleistogamy involves structural, developmental, and functional differences between the open (chasmogamous) and closed (cleistogamous) floral forms produced by a species. Functional differences relate to the breeding system: progeny is obtained partly by obligate selfing, cleistogamous flowers and, at least potentially, by outcrossing, chasmogamous flowers. This study addresses theoretical predictions about the breeding system in Centaurea melitensis L. Comparative analysis of cleistogamous and chasmogamous flower heads produced by this species was based on studies of the morphological features of floral capitula, fruit production, pollen/ovule ratio, pollinators, stigma receptivity, and pollen-tube growth in the absence of pollinators. As expected, cleistogamous heads displayed characteristics typical of an obligate selfing flower. However, two apparently contradictory trends were discerned in chasmogamous heads: (i) a very high selfing rate and own-pollen germination at a very early stage in floral ontogeny, both of which are characteristic of an autogamous breeding system, and (ii) pollinator presence, morphological characteristics, and pollen/ovule ratio consistent with a xenogamous breeding system. Further study is required to determine the outcrossing rate in these capitula.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".