Fatigue Retrofitting of Web Stiffeners in Steel Bridges Using Pultruded FRP Sections
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new retrofit method for the distortion-induced fatigue problem in steel bridges by using adhesively-bonded FRP angles is developed in this paper. This retrofit method is relatively cheap and easy to use and does not require deck removal or any other modification to the steel girder. The FRP retrofitted specimens are found to have significantly longer fatigue lives than as-welded specimens and specimens repaired by means of two other conventional repair methods. The hot-spot stress method is used to quantify the effectiveness of the proposed retrofit method. A coarse finite element (FE) analysis is used to predict the effectiveness of the proposed retrofit methods in terms of the reduction in the hot spot stress value, and analytically calculated hot-spot stresses are validated with directly measured values. The effects of a number of the varied geometrical and mechanical parameters on the efficiency of the proposed retrofit are then studied using an FE analysis and recommendations are made to improve the efficiency of this FRP-based retrofit method.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".