Mapping Reservoir Volume Changes During Cyclic Steam Stimulation Using Tiltmeter-Based Surface-Deformation Measurements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surface-deformation measurements have been used for years in oil fields to monitor production, waterflooding, waste injection, steam flooding, and cyclic steam stimulation (CSS). They have been proved to be a very effective way to monitor field operations and save money for operators wishing to avoid unwanted surface breaches, casing failures, and excessive subsidence because of production. This paper demonstrates that more information can be extracted from surface-deformation measurements by inverting the surface deformation for the volumetric deformation at the reservoir level using the inversion techniques from the literature, so that the areal distribution of volumetric deformation can be identified. This leads to a better understanding of reservoir behavior and also provides additional data for integration into coupled reservoir simulation modeling. This paper shows the results of mapped reservoir volume changes from two cyclic steam injection projects using tiltmeter-based surface deformation measurements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".