The gold standard for noninvasive imaging in congenital heart disease: echocardiography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Echocardiography in pediatric and congenital heart disease is a key diagnostic technique in patients with congenital heart disease. Due to new technological developments, it has become a rapidly evolving field. RECENT FINDINGS: In this review, we focus on recent developments in standardization and validation of standard techniques in pediatric and congenital echocardiography. This is mainly related to standardization of image acquisition and normalization of measurements for body size. The rest of the review is focused on the application of three-dimensional echocardiography, tissue Doppler imaging and Speqle tracking techniques to pediatric heart disease. SUMMARY: New developments in standardization of echocardiography, the introduction of three-dimensional echocardiography and new functional techniques such as tissue Doppler and Speqle tracking strengthen the position of pediatric echocardiography as the most important diagnostic tool for patients with congenital heart disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".