Progress in Canadian Snow and Frozen Ground Hydrology, 2003-2007
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reviews advances made in Canadian snow and frozen ground hydrology between 2003 and 2006, and follows the 1999 to 2002 review of Woo and Marsh (2005). In this assessment, frozen ground hydrology encompasses the influence of both seasonally and perennially frozen ground (permafrost) on hydrology. In reviewing snow hydrology, we exclude processes associated with precipitation, glaciers and snow avalanches. With respect to frozen ground, its influence on infiltration, percolation and runoff in both permafrost and more temperate environments continues to be an active area of research. The role of permafrost at the landscape scale, and its interaction with soil properties in controlling runoff, has received particular attention. In snow hydrology, knowledge on physical processes of accumulation, redistribution and melt continue to advance through both field experiments and numerical modelling in both natural and urban settings. There also continues to be research on snow chemistry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".