Human leukocyte antigen-specific polymorphisms in HIV-1 Gag and their association with viral load in chronic untreated infection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Selection of specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) escape mutations in key Gag epitopes has been associated with loss of HIV immune control on an individual basis. Here we undertake a population-based identification of HLA-associated polymorphisms in Gag and investigate their relationship with plasma viral load. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of 567 chronically HIV subtype B-infected, treatment-naive individuals. METHODS: HLA class I-associated Gag substitutions were identified using phylogenetically corrected analysis methods featuring a multivariate adjustment for HLA linkage disequilibrium and a q-value correction for multiple tests. Presence of HLA-associated substitutions and markers of HIV disease status were correlated using Spearman's rank test. RESULTS: We have created a gene-wide map of HLA class I-associated substitutions in HIV-1 subtype B Gag. This features 111 HLA-associated substitutions occurring at 51 of 500 Gag codons, more than 50% of which occur within published and/or putative HLA-restricted CTL epitopes. A modest inverse correlation was observed between the total number of HLA-associated Gag polymorphic sites within each individual and plasma viral load in chronic untreated infection (R = -0.17, P < 0.0001), supporting the hypothesis that a broad ability to target Gag in vivo contributes to viral control. A modest positive correlation was observed between the proportion of these sites exhibiting HLA-associated substitutions and plasma viral load (R = 0.09, P = 0.03), consistent with a loss of viremia control with the accumulation of CTL escape mutations. CONCLUSION: Results contribute to our understanding of immune-driven viral adaptation and suggest that the accumulation of CTL escape mutations in Gag results in clinically detectable consequences at the population level. These data have implications for HIV vaccines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".