Pathways and Policies to (Bio) Pharmaceutical Innovation Systems in Developing Countries
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Developing countries have traditionally been regarded as users of technology developed abroad. During the 1980s and 1990s this approach to meeting domestic healthcare needs faced new barriers to consumption and use that resulted from the high cost of drugs and the emergence of new international trade, investment and intellectual property rules. Attention was thus drawn to the possibility of building (bio)pharmaceutical innovation systems at home. By examining the experiences of India, Cuba, Iran, Taiwan, Egypt and Nigeria, this paper identifies a multiplicity of pathways for doing so. Because innovation is embedded in both a policy and institutional context, country‐specific triggers and drivers of innovation processes have been important. None the less, some commonalities do appear. Among the more notable triggers were the existence of healthcare crises and earlier incentives that had focused the attention of critical actors on domestic healthcare problems and stimulated a conscious effort by firms to master technology. The interactivity among four types of policies—those strengthening the knowledge base, stimulating capacity building, opening space for local firms and creating incentives for innovation were important in shaping the way these triggers were perceived and in driving the subsequent innovation process.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it