Charge-Transfer-Driven Diffusion Processes in Cu@Cu-Oxide Core−Shell Nanoparticles: Oxidation of 3.0 ± 0.3 nm Diameter Copper Nanoparticles
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Copper nanoparticles with a diameter of 3.0 ± 0.3 nm were generated under vacuum, using a sputtering−aggregation source, and deposited onto glass or highly ordered pyrolytic graphite substrates. Upon exposure to room-temperature air, core−shell particles formed, as determined by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and quartz crystal microgravimetry. At 160 °C in air, the core−shell particles converted predominantly to Cu 2 O. At 220 °C, they converted to CuO almost exclusively. The maximum oxide shell thickness attainable at room temperature was 0.56 nm, as determined by quartz crystal microgravimetry and scanning tunnelling microscope imaging. The shell thicknesses formed are compatible with a simple charge-transfer-based model akin to Mott and Fromhold−Cook theories of metal oxidation processes. The model, which yields the change in the height of the energy barrier to diffusion as a function of shell thickness, is found to be consistent with many adsorbate-induced diffusion processes involving core−shell nanoparticles.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it