Bibliographic record
Abstract
Deux modèles de justice criminelle coexistent tout au long des XVI e , XVII e et XVIII e siècles : celui de la justice royale fondé sur la condamnation et la punition, et celui, plus caché, de la justice réparatrice, fondé sur la négociation et l'accommodement, hérité du Moyen Âge. Mais à partir du XVI e siècle, le souverain qui a monopolisé l'exercice de la justice, le droit de punir, s'est aussi réservé le droit de pardonner. Punir et pardonner constituent ainsi les deux volets complémentaires d'une double stratégie de maintien de l'ordre, fondée à la fois sur l'éclat des supplices et la générosité du pardon. Pour être pardonné, l'accusé doit reconnaître son crime, en demander pardon au souverain. Celui-ci lui accorde sa rémission, moyennant la réparation des dommages causés à la victime, ou à sa famille, et le paiement d'une amende au profit du souverain. La justice réparatrice s'inscrit désormais dans un modèle de « justice imposée » où la négociation est reléguée dans l'accord conclu avec la partie offensée.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.048 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".