Intimate partner violence during pregnancy: analysis of prevalence data from 19 countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We aimed to describe the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy across 19 countries, and examine trends across age groups and UN regions. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (20 surveys from 15 countries) and the International Violence Against Women Surveys (4 surveys from 4 countries) carried out between 1998 and 2007. Our data suggest that intimate partner violence during a pregnancy is a common experience. The prevalence of IPV during pregnancy ranged from approximately 2.0% in Australia, Cambodia, Denmark and the Philippines to 13.5% in Uganda among ever-pregnant, ever-partnered women; half of the surveys estimated prevalence to be between 3.9 and 8.7%. Prevalence appeared to be higher in African and Latin American countries relative to the European and Asian countries surveyed. In most settings, prevalence was relatively constant in the younger age groups (age 15–35), and then appeared to decline very slightly after age 35. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy is more common than some maternal health conditions routinely screened for in antenatal care. Global initiatives to reduce maternal mortality and improve maternal health must devote increased attention to violence against women, particularly violence during pregnancy.RésuméNous souhaitions décrire la prévalence de la violence exercée sur les femmes enceintes par un partenaire intime dans 19 pays, et examiner les tendances par groupes d'âge et régions des Nations Unies. Nous avons mené une analyse secondaire des données d'enquêtes démographiques et sanitaires (20 enquêtes dans 15 pays) et d'enquêtes internationales sur la violence faite aux femmes (quatre enquêtes dans quatre pays) réalisées entre 1998 et 2007. Nos données indiquent que la violence du partenaire intime pendant la grossesse est fréquente. Sa prévalence allait d'environ 2,0% en Australie, au Cambodge, au Danemark et aux Philippines à 13,5% en Ouganda parmi les femmes ayant déjà été enceintes et ayant déjà eu un partenaire ; la moitié des enquêtes estimaient cette prévalence entre 3,9 et 8,7%. La prévalence semblait plus élevée dans les pays d'Afrique et d'Amérique latine que dans les pays d'Europe et d'Asie ayant fait l'objet des enquêtes. Dans la plupart des pays, la prévalence était relativement constante dans les groupes d'âge les plus jeunes (15–35 ans) et semblait décliner très légèrement après 35 ans. La violence du partenaire intime pendant la grossesse est plus fréquente que certaines conditions de santé maternelle qui font l'objet d'un dépistage systématique dans les consultations prénatales. Les initiatives mondiales pour réduire la mortalité maternelle et améliorer la santé maternelle doivent consacrer davantage d'attention à la violence faite aux femmes, en particulier pendant la grossesse.ResumenNos propusimos describir la prevalencia de violencia de pareja íntima (VPI) durante el embarazo en 19 países y examinar las tendencias en diferentes grupos etarios y regiones de la ONU. Realizamos un análisis de datos secundarios de las Encuestas Demográficas y de Salud (20 encuestas de 15 países) y de las Encuestas Internacionales sobre Violencia contra las Mujeres (4 encuestas de 4 países) realizadas entre 1998 y 2007. Nuestros datos indican que la violencia de pareja íntima durante el embarazo es una experiencia común. La prevalencia de la VPI durante el embarazo varió de un 2.0% en Australia, Camboya, Dinamarca y Filipinas al 13.5% en Uganda entre mujeres alguna vez embarazadas, que alguna vez tuvieron pareja; la mitad de las encuestas calcularon una prevalencia del 3.9% al 8.7%. La prevalencia pareció ser más alta en países africanos y latinoamericanos comparada con los países europeos y asiáticos encuestados. En la mayoría de los entornos, la prevalencia era relativamente constante en los grupos más jóvenes (de 15 a 35 años) y pareció disminuir muy poco después de los 35 años de edad. La violencia de pareja íntima durante el embarazo es más común que algunos problemas de salud materna para los cuales se hacen pruebas de detección sistemática durante la atención antenatal. Las iniciativas internacionales por disminuir la tasa de mortalidad materna y mejorar la salud materna deben dedicar mayor atención a la violencia contra las mujeres, particularmente la violencia durante el embarazo.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".