Semiempirical Quantum Chemical PM6 Method Augmented by Dispersion and H-Bonding Correction Terms Reliably Describes Various Types of Noncovalent Complexes
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Because of its construction and parametrization for more than 80 elements, the semiempirical quantum chemical PM6 method is superior to other similar methods. Despite its advantages, however, the PM6 method fails for the description of noncovalent interactions, specifically the dispersion energy and H-bonding. Upon inclusion of correction terms for dispersion and H-bonding, the performance of the method was found to be dramatically improved. The former correction included two parameters in the damping function that were parametrized to reproduce the benchmark interaction energies [CCSD(T)/complete basis set (CBS) limit] of the dispersion-bonded complexes from the S22 data set. The latter correction was parametrized on an extended set of H-bonded stabilization energies determined at the MP2/cc-pVTZ level. The resulting PM6-DH method was tested on the S22 data set, for which chemical accuracy (error < 1 kcal/mol) was achieved, and also on the JSCH2005 set, for which significant improvement over the original PM6 method was also obtained. Implementation of analytical gradients allows very efficient geometry optimization, which, for all complexes, provides better agreement with the benchmark data. Excellent results were also achieved for small peptides, and here again, chemical accuracy was obtained (i.e., the error with respect to CCSD(T)/CBS results was smaller than 1 kcal/mol). The performance of the technique was finally demonstrated on extended complexes, namely, the porphine dimer and various graphene models with DNA bases and base pairs, where the PM6-DH stabilization energies agree very well with available benchmark data obtained with DFT-D, SCS-MP2, and MP2.5 methods. The PM6-DH calculations are very efficient and can be routinely applied for systems of up to 1000 atoms. For nonaromatic systems, the use of a linear scaling version of the SCF procedure based on localized orbitals speeds up the method significantly and allows one to investigate systems with several thousand atoms. The method can thus replace force fields, which face basic problems for the description of quantum effects, in many applications.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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