Femtosecond laser pulse filamentation characterized by polymer gel dosimetry and Fricke dosimetry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A femtosecond laser pulse that can generate water radiolysis species was studied in view of its potential medical and biological applications. Intense ultra-short laser pulses can propagate in liquid water, leading to self-focusing and filamentation. Briefly, electrons produced by either multiphoton or tunnel ionization are further accelerated by the electric field of the pulse in an inverse Bremsstrahlung effect. If the electrons acquire enough kinetic energy, they will give rise to a second generation of electrons by impact ionization of other molecules in an avalanche-like process. The geometry and trajectory of femtosecond filaments were captured within a polymer gel dosimeter and imaged by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at high resolution. The results revealed that changing pulse duration modifies the penetration of the filament track in the medium. In addition, we used Fricke dosimetry to measure the absorbed dose and dose rate of the femtosecond laser pulse filamentation. A very high dose rate of 5.3 × 10 12 Gy/s was calculated in filaments having a diameter of ∼600 μm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".