Bibliographic record
Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is composed of three layers: the innermost muscularis mucosae, lamina propria, and the epithelial layer which is exposed to the lumen. Besides being the structural support for the epithelium, the lamina propria contains elements important for immunological and absorptive functions. Thus in the lamina propria we find blood and lymph vessels, nerve varicosities, and a plethora of immune cells (plasma cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, etc).1 The lamina propria is densely innervated via both intrinsic (mainly from the submucosal plexus) and extrinsic nerve fibres. From the lamina propria, chemical messengers from nerves and immune cells reach and act on epithelial cell receptors. The intestinal epithelium is a single layer of columnar cells. The most common cells are the enterocytes (absorptive cells). However, a rich variety of cells are also present, including goblet cells (secrete mucus), endocrine cells (secrete hormones and neuropeptides), Paneth cells, caveolated (tuft) and cup cells, M cells, stem cells (crypt), and intraepithelial lymphocytes. Epithelial cells are bound together by junctional complexes in the apical membrane1: the tight junction (zona occludens), the intermediate junction (zonula adherens), and the desmosomes (macula adherens). These structures define the paracellular space. The epithelial lining serves several functions in the intestinal tract.2 The junctional complex acts as a physical barrier limiting the uptake of microbial and food derived antigens. However, in certain conditions macromolecules and even cells (mainly neutrophils) may be able to cross it to reach the lamina propria or the luminal surface, respectively. The presence of various enzymes on the apical surface and within epithelial cells contributes to the digestion and absorption of nutrients as well as to the degradation of immunogenic particles. Absorption and secretion of water and electrolytes is regulated by the epithelium. The epithelium maintains its own integrity …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".