Non‐aqueous, surfactant‐free antifoam emulsions: Properties and triggered release
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Processing convenience and formulation flexibility frequently require the delivery of the silicone oils as emulsions. The shelf life of the latter is achieved kinetically, in the most cases via the addition of surfactants. On the other hand, surfactants are the subject of increasing scrutiny with regard to their environmental impact. The goal of this study is to formulate silicone oils in surfactant‐free emulsions and to demonstrate the controlled release of the active silicone material. A non‐aqueous silicone emulsion comprising of a continuous phase of a polar organic liquid, having droplets of silicone antifoam compound dispersed therein, have been developed. These systems are stabilised by (fractal) waxy particles which play a dual role. They act as Pickering stabilisers and in the same time they form an elastic network in the continuous phase, providing a creaming stability of more than a year. A triggered release of the (antifoam) silicone active can be achieved via heating above the melting temperature of the waxy particles. This is demonstrated by the fact that no antifoam activity has been observed at temperatures below ca. 60°C, while at temperature of above 65–70°C a strong antifoam effect has been obtained.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".