Reactivation Properties of Four Long-Term Sulfated Limestones
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Four Canadian limestones Cadomin, Havelock, Kelly Rock, and Graymont were investigated for their reactivation properties after long-term sulfation. Each limestone was initially sulfated with 1% SO 2 at 850 °C in a tube furnace for a relatively long time (about 16 h), to achieve an effectively maximally sulfated sample. The samples were subsequently hydrated with liquid water and steam at various conditions to reactivate the unreacted CaO. The hydrated samples were resulfated in a thermogravimetric analyzer for 90 min to evaluate the effect of hydration on the resulfation step. All four samples were significantly reactivated by steam hydration, which was much more effective than was hydration with liquid water, and the overall calcium utilization increased to 80−90% after reactivation, compared to 25−45% typical before reactivation. A scanning electron microscope was used to analyze Cadomin and Havelock samples, and both were uniformly sulfated before hydration. This work indicated that the uniformly sulfated samples could be reactivated given suitable hydration conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".